Kullanıcı:Elvorix/Çalışma5
Ateizm, en geniş anlamıyla tanrıların varlığına olan inancın yokluğudur.[1][2][3][4] Daha az genel olarak ateizm, herhangi bir tanrının var olduğu inancının reddidir.[5][6] Daha da dar bir anlamda, ateizm özellikle tanrıların olmadığı bir konumdur.[1][2][7][8] Ateizm, en genel haliyle en az bir tanrının var olduğu inancı olan teizm[9][10] ile çelişir.[10][11][12]
Ateizm kelimesinin etimolojik kökü, MÖ 5. yüzyıldan önce Eski Yunanca'dan gelir: ἄθεος (atheos), "tanrısız" anlamına gelir.
Kaynakça
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[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]- ^ a b Harvey, Van A. Agnosticism and Atheism, in Flynn 2007, s. 35: "The terms ATHEISM and AGNOSTICISM lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative a both before the Greek theos (divinity) and gnosis (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them ... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since the absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."
- ^ a b Simon Blackburn, (Ed.) (2008). "atheism". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. 2008. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954143-0. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2013.
Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.
- ^ Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism" 30 Eylül 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.) first list one of the more narrow definitions.
- Runes, Dagobert D., (Ed.) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 978-0-06-463461-8. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought
– entry by Vergilius Ferm
- Runes, Dagobert D., (Ed.) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 978-0-06-463461-8. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- ^ "Atheism". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. 11 Eylül 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Nisan 2017.
- ^ Nielsen 2013: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons ... : for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God ... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers ... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals."
- ^ Edwards 2005: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."
- ^ Rowe 1998: "As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of 'atheism' is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ... an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology."
- ^ J.J.C. Smart (2017). "Atheism and Agnosticism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11 Aralık 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
- ^ "Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. 7 Haziran 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2012.
- ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd. 1989.
Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". 14 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
...belief in the existence of a god or gods...
- ^ Smart, J.J.C. (9 Mart 2004). Zalta, Edward N. (Ed.). "Atheism and Agnosticism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition). 2 Aralık 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Nisan 2015.
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb2011-atheism-critique" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb2011concise-atheism" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb2011-Rejection-of-all-religious-beliefs" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb2007-demographics" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb1911-atheism" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "eb1911-atheism-sceptical" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "encyc-unbelief-compatible" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "martin-agnosticism-entails" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "BBC-2004-demographics" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "agnosticism-compatible" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "barker-agnostic-atheism" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
Kaynak hatası: <references> üzerinde tanımlanan "honderich" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
<references> üzerinde tanımlanan "hume-metaphysics" adındaki <ref> etiketi önceki metinde kullanılmıyor. (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)Genel
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]- Armstrong, Karen (1999). A History of God. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-927367-7.
- Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280424-2.
- Barker, Dan (2008). Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists. New York: Ulysses Press. ISBN 978-1-56975-677-5. OL 24313839M.
- Bradlaugh, Charles; Besant, Annie; Bradlaugh, Alice; Moss, A. B.; Cattell, C.C.; Standring, G.; Aveling, E. (1884). The Atheistic Platform. London: Freethought Publishing.
- Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05548-9.
- Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". Donald M. Borchert (Ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2nd. Vol. 1. MacMillan Reference US (Gale). s. 359. ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6.
- Flew, Antony (1976). The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality. New York: Barnes and Noble.
- Flint, Robert (1903). Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88. William Blackwood and Sons. OL 7193167M.
- Flynn, Tom, (Ed.) (25 Ekim 2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3. OL 8851140M.
- Harris, Sam (2005). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W.W. Norton & Company.
- Harris, Sam (19 Eylül 2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27877-7. OL 25353925M.
- Harris, Sam (April 2006). "The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos". Free Inquiry. 26 (3). ISSN 0272-0701. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2013. alternate URL
- Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7710-4143-3.
- Hume, David (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. London. OL 7145748M.
- Hume, David (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. London.
- Landsberg, Mitchell (28 Eylül 2010). "Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says". Los Angeles Times. 11 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 8 Nisan 2011.
- Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-642-0. OL 8110936M. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Martin, Michael, (Ed.) (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84270-9. OL 22379448M. Erişim tarihi: 25 Kasım 2013.
- Nielsen, Kai (2013). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Erişim tarihi: 25 Kasım 2013.
- Oppy, Graham (2018). Atheism and Agnosticism. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555340. ISBN 978-1-108-55534-0.
- Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". Edward Craig (Ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Russell, Bertrand (1957). Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects. Simon and Schuster.
- Sartre, Jean-Paul (2001) [1946]. "Existentialism and Humanism". Priest, Stephen (Ed.). Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings. London: Routledge. s. 45. ISBN 978-0-415-21367-7.
- Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004) [1946]. "An existentialist ethics". Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W.; Swindal, James C. (Ed.). Ethics: Contemporary Readings. London: Routledge. s. 127. ISBN 978-0-415-25680-3.
- Schaffner, Caleb; Cragun, Ryan T. (2020). "Chapter 20: Non-Religion and Atheism". Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (Ed.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 18. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ss. 242–252. doi:10.1163/9789004331471_021. ISBN 978-90-04-33092-4. ISSN 1874-6691. Geçersiz
|doi-access=free(yardım) - Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-124-1. LCCN 79002726. OL 4401616M.
- Stenger, Victor J. (2007). God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-652-5.
- Stenger, Victor J. (22 Eylül 2009). The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-59102-751-5. 11 Ekim 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Temmuz 2009.
- Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). Maryniarczyk, Andrzej (Ed.). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
Ek okuma
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]| Elvorix/Çalışma5 ile ilgili kütüphane kaynakları |
- Berman, David (1990). A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04727-2.
- Bradlaugh, Charles, Annie Besant and others. (1884) The Atheistic Platform: 12 Lectures. London: Freethought Publishing. [1]
- Buckley, M.J. (1990). At the Origins of Modern Atheism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04897-1.
- Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael, (Ed.) (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-964465-0.
- Duran, Martin (2019). Wondering About God: Impiety, Agnosticism, and Atheism in Ancient Greece. Barcelona: Independently Published. ISBN 978-1-08-061240-6.
- Flew, Antony (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-330-2.
- Tom Flynn, (Ed.) (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3.
- Gaskin, J. C. A., (Ed.) (1989). Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. •New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-340681-2.
- Germani, Alan (15 Eylül 2008). "The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists". The Objective Standard. 3 (3). 28 Nisan 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Gray, John (2018). Seven Types of Atheism. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-19941-1.
- Harbour, Daniel (2003). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism. London: Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-3229-1.
- Harris, Sam (2 Ekim 2007). "The Problem with Atheism". The Washington Post. 24 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Howson, Colin (2011). Objecting to God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-18665-0
- Inglehart, Ronald F., "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no. 5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110–118.
- Jacoby, Susan (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7442-0.
- Krueger, D.E. (1998). What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-214-2.
- Ledrew, S. (2012). "The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches". History of the Human Sciences. 25 (3). ss. 70–87. doi:10.1177/0952695112441301.
- Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09338-5.
- Mackie, J.L. (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824682-4.
- Maritain, Jacques (1952). The Range of Reason. London: Geoffrey Bles. 7 Nisan 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2013.
- Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, (Ed.) (2003). The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-120-9.
- Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, (Ed.) (2006). The Improbability of God. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-381-4.
- McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) [1906]. Some Dogmas of Religion. New. London: Edward Arnold & Co. ISBN 978-0-548-14955-3.
- Nielsen, Kai (1985). Philosophy and Atheism. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 978-0-87975-289-7.
- Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-853-3.
- Onfray, Michel (2007). Atheist Manifesto. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-820-3. 30 Ekim 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Oppy, Graham (2006). Arguing about Gods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86386-5.
- Rafford, R.L. (1987). "Atheophobia—an introduction". Religious Humanism. 21 (1). ss. 32–37.
- Robinson, Richard (1964). An Atheist's Values. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824191-1. 25 Nisan 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Nisan 2011.
- Rosenberg, Alex (2011). The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 978-0-393-08023-0
- Russell, Paul (2013). "Hume on Religion". Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab. Erişim tarihi: 24 Kasım 2013.
- Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. London: SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02680-8.
- Shermer, Michael (1999). How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God. New York: William H Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3561-8.
- Smolkin, Victoria. A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism (Princeton UP, 2018) online reviews
- Thrower, James (1971). A Short History of Western Atheism. London: Pemberton. ISBN 978-0-301-71101-0.
- Walters, Kerry (2010). Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed. New York: Continuum. 978-0-8264-2493-8
- Whitmarsh, Tim. (2015), Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World
- Zuckerman, Phil, (Ed.) (2010). Atheism and secularity. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-35183-9.
- Zuckerman, Phil (2010). Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9723-5.
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- Elvorix/Çalışma5 PhilPapers'da
- Şablon:InPho
- Zalta, Edward N. ((Ed.)). "Atheism and Agnosticism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- "Elvorix/Çalışma5". İnternet Felsefe Ansiklopedisi.
- The New Atheists. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Curlie'de Atheism (DMOZ tabanlı). Includes links to organizations and websites.
- Religion & Ethics—Atheism at bbc.co.uk.
- Secular Web library. Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism.
